Solana Raw Tx Breakdown

1. Solana 交易
2. Tx 解析实例 1（一对一转账）
- 2.1. 签名
3. Tx 解析实例 2（两笔一对一转账）
- 3.1. 签名
- 3.2. Rust 实例
4. Tx 解析实例 3（Token 2022 转账）
5. 参考

1. Solana 交易

在 Solana 区块链中，通过 RPC sendTransaction 可以把签名后的 Tx 提交到链上。提交 Tx 时，可以使用 base58（已经不推荐）或者 base64 编码的 Tx。

2. Tx 解析实例 1（一对一转账）

下面以 Tx tg7QzizXN6LpK2pEtzeKHG5DmUkgz7DiEsAmtPxvaYxEUEYNV2qKF6gaSEG4Qm5uZ7DeTT5F1CTmsEABN1DWnU7 为例介绍一下这个 Tx 的细节。

这个 Solana Devnet 上的 Tx 是通过 RPC sendTransaction 提交上链的，具体参数如下：

$ curl https://api.devnet.solana.com -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
  {
    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
    "id": 1,
    "method": "sendTransaction",
    "params": [
      "ASyP3WwO1k00+UjmLS0RQ6I4A3SLmGagC49rPD8NqXXRezFZ9HH0QM5WYy0GRmzdmfM3Zr2r/kfY9Yzdj18D2AABAAEDjGW0vs4E7Y0JrlRS/FbfremUacCBVRSJl3WGWvd4P50G2indv8FqFG+2/Ieu9DifmgpE2oztoOfk3Y7YtJFgnQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAK4RSMkONmm1NSkWHnNwtxr2vM5D5wXDojP+9vb4UJvIBAgIAAQwCAAAAQEIPAAAAAAA=",
      {
        "encoding": "base64"
      }
    ]
  }
'
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","result":"tg7QzizXN6LpK2pEtzeKHG5DmUkgz7DiEsAmtPxvaYxEUEYNV2qKF6gaSEG4Qm5uZ7DeTT5F1CTmsEABN1DWnU7","id":1}

这个 Tx 的功能是从地址 AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r 转移 0.001 SOL（即 1000000 Lamports）到地址 TkPgkcDQYDUSDBfwTokwkZpn8spz94u4fvXii9U7CWY 中。

AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r   ------ 1000000 Lamports ------>   TkPgkcDQYDUSDBfwTokwkZpn8spz94u4fvXii9U7CWY

为了便于分析，我们把 base64 编码的 Tx 转换为 Hex String 形式：

012c8fdd6c0ed64d34f948e62d2d1143a23803748b9866a00b8f6b3c3f0da975d17b3159f471f440ce56632d06466cdd99f33766bdabfe47d8f58cdd8f5f03d800010001038c65b4bece04ed8d09ae5452fc56dfade99469c0815514899775865af7783f9d06da29ddbfc16a146fb6fc87aef4389f9a0a44da8ceda0e7e4dd8ed8b491609d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002b845232438d9a6d4d4a45879cdc2dc6bdaf3390f9c170e88cffbdbdbe1426f201020200010c0200000040420f0000000000

Solana Tx 的格式如图 1 所示。

Figure 1: Solana Tx（摘自：https://solana.com/docs/intro/dev#transactions ）

关于 Tx 的细节可参考：https://solana.com/docs/core/transactions 。按照格式定义，可把上面 Tx 的每个字节含义解释如下：

+------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | signatures length                                      | 01                                                               |
| signatures +--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | signature 0                                            | 2c8fdd6c0ed64d34f948e62d2d1143a23803748b9866a00b8f6b3c3f0da975d1 |
|            |                                                        | 7b3159f471f440ce56632d06466cdd99f33766bdabfe47d8f58cdd8f5f03d800 |
+------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | num required signatures            | 01                                                               |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | message header    | num readonly signed accounts       | 00                                                               |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | num readonly unsigned accounts     | 01                                                               |
|            +-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | length                             | 03                                                               |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | address 0                          | 8c65b4bece04ed8d09ae5452fc56dfade99469c0815514899775865af7783f9d |
|            | account addresses +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | address 1                          | 06da29ddbfc16a146fb6fc87aef4389f9a0a44da8ceda0e7e4dd8ed8b491609d |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | address 2                          | 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 |
|            +-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | recent blockhash                                       | 2b845232438d9a6d4d4a45879cdc2dc6bdaf3390f9c170e88cffbdbdbe1426f2 |
| message    +-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | length                             | 01                                                               |
|            |                   +-------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       | program id index           | 02                                                               |
|            |                   |       +------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | length  | 02                                                               |
|            | instructions      |       | account address  +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |     indexes      | index 0 | 00                                                               |
|            |                   |       |                  +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | ins 0 |                  | index 1 | 01                                                               |
|            |                   |       +------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | length  | 0c                                                               |
|            |                   |       | instruction data +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | data    | 0200000040420f0000000000                                         |
+------------+-------------------+-------+------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+

上面的 signatures length 等表示长度的字段，并不是固定 1 字节大小，它可能是 1/2/3 字节大小，参考：https://github.com/solana-labs/solana/blob/a16f982169eb197fad0eb8c58c307fb069f69d8f/sdk/program/src/short_vec.rs
在 Solana 中，地址就是 Ed25519 公钥的 base58 编码。上面 Tx 中的 address 0 和 address 1 分别对应的地址就是 AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r 和 TkPgkcDQYDUSDBfwTokwkZpn8spz94u4fvXii9U7CWY。
上面 Tx 中 recent blockhash 为 2b845232438d9a6d4d4a45879cdc2dc6bdaf3390f9c170e88cffbdbdbe1426f2，其对应的 base58 编码为 3vsZGraLdzja3DUMfLr3NWPGeHcbCawGvCGj7nMn7tFT。
Instructions 中 program id index 对应的是 account addresses 的元素下标，这个例子中是 02，即地址 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000，这个十六进制对应的 base58 地址就是 11111111111111111111111111111111，即 System Program 的地址。在 Solana 中，System Program 是所有帐户钱包的 Owner，由于只有 Owner（对于帐户钱包来说 Owner 就是 System Program）才能减少帐户的余额，所以 Solana 中原生币转账其实就是调用 System Program 的方法。
0200000040420f0000000000 是 SystemInstruction Transfer 1000000 的编码（Solana 的 instruction data 采用 bincode 编码或者 borsh 编码，推导使用 borsh 编码）。其中 02000000 表示 Transfer，而 40420f0000000000 则是 1000000 的小端格式。

2.1. 签名

待签名数据就是图 1 中的 Message 部分（即去掉其中的 Signatures 部分）。它是 Ed25519 签名中 SHA512(R||A||M) 中的 M 。

具体到前面的例子，待签名数据就是：

010001038c65b4bece04ed8d09ae5452fc56dfade99469c0815514899775865af7783f9d06da29ddbfc16a146fb6fc87aef4389f9a0a44da8ceda0e7e4dd8ed8b491609d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002b845232438d9a6d4d4a45879cdc2dc6bdaf3390f9c170e88cffbdbdbe1426f201020200010c0200000040420f0000000000

前面交易的功能是从地址 AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r 往其它地址转移 0.001 SOL，所以需要 AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r 所对应的私钥进行签名。

AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r 的 Ed25519 私钥是

aa5e711d133aca45d6ec97116de54a24a421a823385fc42fd342d5ecb17ce7d0

使用这个私钥对前面的数据进行签名后，得到签名数据为：

2c8fdd6c0ed64d34f948e62d2d1143a23803748b9866a00b8f6b3c3f0da975d17b3159f471f440ce56632d06466cdd99f33766bdabfe47d8f58cdd8f5f03d800

标准的 Ed25519 签名是确定性，重复运行签名都会得到相同的签名结果。

上面的 Hex String 转换为 base58 编码就是：tg7QzizXN6LpK2pEtzeKHG5DmUkgz7DiEsAmtPxvaYxEUEYNV2qKF6gaSEG4Qm5uZ7DeTT5F1CTmsEABN1DWnU7。这恰好就是 Txid，这是因为 在 Solana 中，Txid 就是 Tx 中的首个签名。

3. Tx 解析实例 2（两笔一对一转账）

下面考虑一个更加复杂的 Tx VGJxEj15eQaiQXwjvg7kYt3otikuZb4by2riKfFW8xoivAGn7tRDpAiWxppRbv8tvuTQ4FcWu5kmd9zdVeLjCjW，它同时有两笔转账：

7sCi23YDXsc3g4gRVMiaP2D2rFij4TQZV4T7xD2Jqh3o   ------ 1000000 Lamports ------>   TkPgkcDQYDUSDBfwTokwkZpn8spz94u4fvXii9U7CWY
4rRuNMdh8em2S5P8Ks9psJhCkKLhspDyFtfJoWxkpg8F   ------ 2000000 Lamports ------>   4HvKrJtm7nrsa66n639ooe6kcY1U4FRBpQvxz81pLhYA

而且 Fee 由另一个帐户 AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r 来支付。

这个 Solana Devnet 上的 Tx 是通过 RPC sendTransaction 提交上链的，具体参数如下：

$ curl https://api.devnet.solana.com -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
  {
    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
    "id": 1,
    "method": "sendTransaction",
    "params": [
      "Axhfrv3KFApUmAuq4SvFaBXEnm5Qke8NsVgcky+iuKveD/JOmzkOJPO2+vwKoz1yAK1IpfjqvsMt5q5hji6Xrw2H1k+eOq+tKie0q9awu2sroNZ6iymYPQN9K8uk8DlBgoXii9jVY0lROTHXw05Xhs1qjNCYEHg5EGyQIOkVknYOe6PHszYnyA8W3vEYQLI3YlWbkuyH9o4at52/0tsC3f5NMyewl2wIAx9UK72+z4ofcv4svuEj7jr5R8VL1sCUCgMAAQaMZbS+zgTtjQmuVFL8Vt+t6ZRpwIFVFImXdYZa93g/nTk8rZ/+r9cx4CD1u1EwRlAv7njiYkhtHILxF0jB0OfIZgJmPpu08QQoRk9FqB7+NcSnM92gHZ2+1vyfE9Iu6/IG2indv8FqFG+2/Ieu9DifmgpE2oztoOfk3Y7YtJFgnTDopgPjdwNGv+okX7P1Hzy3xsKYJeH/EiF9J0+5gPrXAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADdGkp+x27zNcira/9SmZHuA9x8HbaGHyK6YDwS0kdtUwIFAgIDDAIAAABAQg8AAAAAAAUCAQQMAgAAAICEHgAAAAAA",
      {
        "encoding": "base64"
      }
    ]
  }
'

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","result":"VGJxEj15eQaiQXwjvg7kYt3otikuZb4by2riKfFW8xoivAGn7tRDpAiWxppRbv8tvuTQ4FcWu5kmd9zdVeLjCjW","id":1}

为了便于分析，我们把 base64 编码的 Tx 转换为 Hex String 形式：

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

下面再把它解释为更方便阅读的形式：

+------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | signatures length                                      | 03                                                               |
|            +--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | signature 0                                            | 185faefdca140a54980baae12bc56815c49e6e5091ef0db1581c932fa2b8abde |
|            |                                                        | 0ff24e9b390e24f3b6fafc0aa33d7200ad48a5f8eabec32de6ae618e2e97af0d |
| signatures +--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | signature 1                                            | 87d64f9e3aafad2a27b4abd6b0bb6b2ba0d67a8b29983d037d2bcba4f0394182 |
|            |                                                        | 85e28bd8d56349513931d7c34e5786cd6a8cd098107839106c9020e91592760e |
|            +--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | signature 2                                            | 7ba3c7b33627c80f16def11840b23762559b92ec87f68e1ab79dbfd2db02ddfe |
|            |                                                        | 4d3327b0976c08031f542bbdbecf8a1f72fe2cbee123ee3af947c54bd6c0940a |
+------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | num required signatures            | 03                                                               |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | message header    | num readonly signed accounts       | 00                                                               |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | num readonly unsigned accounts     | 01                                                               |
|            +-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | length                             | 06                                                               |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | address 0                          | 8c65b4bece04ed8d09ae5452fc56dfade99469c0815514899775865af7783f9d |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | address 1                          | 393cad9ffeafd731e020f5bb513046502fee78e262486d1c82f11748c1d0e7c8 |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | account addresses | address 2                          | 6602663e9bb4f10428464f45a81efe35c4a733dda01d9dbed6fc9f13d22eebf2 |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | address 3                          | 06da29ddbfc16a146fb6fc87aef4389f9a0a44da8ceda0e7e4dd8ed8b491609d |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | address 4                          | 30e8a603e3770346bfea245fb3f51f3cb7c6c29825e1ff12217d274fb980fad7 |
|            |                   +------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | address 5                          | 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 |
|            +-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            | recent blockhash                                       | dd1a4a7ec76ef335c8ab6bff529991ee03dc7c1db6861f22ba603c12d2476d53 |
| message    +-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | length                             | 02                                                               |
|            |                   +-------+----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       | program id index           | 05                                                               |
|            |                   |       +------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | length  | 02                                                               |
|            |                   |       | account address  +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |     indexes      | index 0 | 02                                                               |
|            |                   |       |                  +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | ins 0 |                  | index 1 | 03                                                               |
|            |                   |       +------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | length  | 0c                                                               |
|            |                   |       | instruction data +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | data    | 0200000040420f0000000000                                         |
|            | instructions      +-------+------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       | program id index           | 05                                                               |
|            |                   |       +------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | length  | 02                                                               |
|            |                   |       | account address  +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |     indexes      | index 0 | 01                                                               |
|            |                   |       |                  +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   | ins 1 |                  | index 1 | 04                                                               |
|            |                   |       +------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | length  | 0c                                                               |
|            |                   |       | instruction data +---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|            |                   |       |                  | data    | 0200000080841e0000000000                                         |
+------------+-------------------+-------+------------------+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------+

注：Instructions 的 program id index 对应的是 account addresses 的元素下标。上面例子中，两个 program id index 都是 05，即地址 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000，这个十六进制对应的 base58 地址就是 11111111111111111111111111111111，即 System Program 的地址。

3.1. 签名

待签名数据就是图 1 中的 Message 部分（即去掉其中的 Signatures 部分）。它是 Ed25519 签名中 SHA512(R||A||M) 中的 M 。

具体到前面的例子，待签名数据就是：

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

需要 3 个参与者对它进行签名：

支付交易 Fee 的 AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r
往其它地址转出 1000000 Lamports 的 7sCi23YDXsc3g4gRVMiaP2D2rFij4TQZV4T7xD2Jqh3o
往其它地址转出 2000000 Lamports 的 4rRuNMdh8em2S5P8Ks9psJhCkKLhspDyFtfJoWxkpg8F

下面只介绍首个签名。AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r 的 Ed25519 私钥是

aa5e711d133aca45d6ec97116de54a24a421a823385fc42fd342d5ecb17ce7d0

使用这个私钥对前面的数据进行签名后，得到签名数据为：

185faefdca140a54980baae12bc56815c49e6e5091ef0db1581c932fa2b8abde0ff24e9b390e24f3b6fafc0aa33d7200ad48a5f8eabec32de6ae618e2e97af0d

上面的 Hex String 转换为 base58 编码就是：VGJxEj15eQaiQXwjvg7kYt3otikuZb4by2riKfFW8xoivAGn7tRDpAiWxppRbv8tvuTQ4FcWu5kmd9zdVeLjCjW。这恰好就是 Txid，这是因为 在 Solana 中，Txid 就是 Tx 中的首个签名。

3.2. Rust 实例

打包上面交易的 Rust 程序如下：

use base64;
use bincode;
use hex;
use solana_program::hash::Hash;
use solana_program::system_instruction;
use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};
use solana_sdk::transaction::Transaction;
use std::str::FromStr;

fn main() {
    let payer_keypair_bytes: [u8; 64] = [170,94,113,29,19,58,202,69,214,236,151,17,109,229,74,36,164,33,168,35,56,95,196,47,211,66,213,236,177,124,231,208,140,101,180,190,206,4,237,141,9,174,84,82,252,86,223,173,233,148,105,192,129,85,20,137,151,117,134,90,247,120,63,157];
    let payer_keypair = Keypair::from_bytes(&payer_keypair_bytes).unwrap();
    println!("payer seckey {}", hex::encode(payer_keypair.secret().to_bytes()));
    let payer_pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&payer_keypair);
    println!("payer_pubkey {}", payer_pubkey.to_string()); // AT42Zu5kD6V27rgXdkoTpE4mqvsDxsitzWYDr1iStu3r

    let from_keypair_bytes: [u8; 64] = [10,178,29,4,179,245,97,5,183,90,15,188,22,32,116,195,134,44,159,5,226,5,98,67,98,110,240,79,52,106,175,221,102,2,102,62,155,180,241,4,40,70,79,69,168,30,254,53,196,167,51,221,160,29,157,190,214,252,159,19,210,46,235,242];
    let from_keypair = Keypair::from_bytes(&from_keypair_bytes).unwrap();
    println!("from seckey {}", hex::encode(from_keypair.secret().to_bytes()));
    let from_pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&from_keypair);
    println!("from_pubkey {}", from_pubkey.to_string()); // 7sCi23YDXsc3g4gRVMiaP2D2rFij4TQZV4T7xD2Jqh3o

    let from2_keypair_bytes: [u8; 64] = [38,101,100,119,58,71,219,79,52,219,72,137,101,25,58,229,156,215,79,222,39,131,151,220,160,191,119,117,229,89,87,8,57,60,173,159,254,175,215,49,224,32,245,187,81,48,70,80,47,238,120,226,98,72,109,28,130,241,23,72,193,208,231,200];
    let from2_keypair = Keypair::from_bytes(&from2_keypair_bytes).unwrap();
    println!("from2 seckey {}", hex::encode(from2_keypair.secret().to_bytes()));
    let from2_pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&from2_keypair);
    println!("from2_pubkey {}", from2_pubkey.to_string()); // 4rRuNMdh8em2S5P8Ks9psJhCkKLhspDyFtfJoWxkpg8F

    let to_keypair_bytes: [u8; 64] = [195,70,54,2,213,99,33,240,169,173,231,145,119,25,230,97,200,117,254,168,54,28,200,241,55,1,190,169,49,12,190,232,6,218,41,221,191,193,106,20,111,182,252,135,174,244,56,159,154,10,68,218,140,237,160,231,228,221,142,216,180,145,96,157];
    let to_keypair = Keypair::from_bytes(&to_keypair_bytes).unwrap();
    let to_pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&to_keypair);
    println!("to_pubkey {}", to_pubkey.to_string()); // TkPgkcDQYDUSDBfwTokwkZpn8spz94u4fvXii9U7CWY

    let to2_keypair_bytes: [u8; 64] = [90,49,225,138,1,223,59,108,196,75,251,191,171,182,89,126,28,184,47,27,226,140,180,230,206,219,137,165,17,31,98,157,48,232,166,3,227,119,3,70,191,234,36,95,179,245,31,60,183,198,194,152,37,225,255,18,33,125,39,79,185,128,250,215];
    let to2_keypair = Keypair::from_bytes(&to2_keypair_bytes).unwrap();
    let to2_pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&to2_keypair);
    println!("to2_pubkey {}", to2_pubkey.to_string()); // 4HvKrJtm7nrsa66n639ooe6kcY1U4FRBpQvxz81pLhYA

    // Creating the transfer sol instruction
    let ix0 = system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, &to_pubkey, 1_000_000);
    let ix1 = system_instruction::transfer(&from2_pubkey, &to2_pubkey, 2_000_000);
    let ins = [ix0, ix1];

    // Putting the transfer sol instruction into a transaction
    // let rpc_url = String::from("https://api.devnet.solana.com");
    // let connection = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(rpc_url, CommitmentConfig::confirmed());
    // let recent_blockhash = connection.get_latest_blockhash().expect("Failed to get latest blockhash.");
    let recent_blockhash = Hash::from_str("Ft6MUpKNyyjyb1Trv1oXK75eAiGYfVN5VjUnGVbdXDkv").unwrap(); // dd1a4a7ec76ef335c8ab6bff529991ee03dc7c1db6861f22ba603c12d2476d53
    println!("recent_blockhash {}", recent_blockhash);
    println!("recent_blockhash {}", hex::encode(recent_blockhash.to_bytes()));

    let txn = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&ins, Some(&payer_pubkey), &[&payer_keypair, &from_keypair, &from2_keypair], recent_blockhash);

    let preimage = txn.message.serialize();
    println!("preimage = {}", hex::encode(preimage));

    let tx_vec = bincode::serialize(&txn).unwrap();
    println!("hex tx: {}", hex::encode(&tx_vec));
    println!("base64 tx: {}", base64::encode(&tx_vec));
}

4. Tx 解析实例 3（Token 2022 转账）

下面以 Tx 3FLzsDWEyERGWyeQvX5CQgSuYAycErPyvvvEFHw9hn1hubySvVoix8C6LTjAveTP3e8LDCrWLZPpub4kyJsFAfJL 为例介绍一下这个 Tx 的细节。

这个 Solana Mainnet 上的 Tx 是通过 RPC sendTransaction 提交上链的，具体参数如下：

$ curl https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '
{"method":"sendTransaction","jsonrpc":"2.0","params":["AXBnhpJ4Y5GJ5uzEJkf4uWaIvpedL3cwyAOGE/De8ZSj1ac5PFDxdW1XnBSGOYeL74FminSVFIcuqzAA2WLpGg0BAAMGoyt1UmcbIpl8MwxTrJHqaNBHKdDL3XHkiTRBblLseNsUmkTrYwsPXTC7AzjBvZtaYJFJPNrtJLB67ToQRzcbTq+QnyOd/QYbgbjugrDHeLse9zlsmi5O2c7dpT8AbhBqqDijZLhcKuVLVBmL6Ve9S9DvSU7kn1XtkCnOtnDXGjADBkZv5SEXMv/srbpyw5vnvIzlu8X3EmssQ5s6QAAAAAbd9uHudY/eGEJdvORszdq2GvxNg7kNJ/69+SjYoYv8nXMENVJdGaxITQAKrAwgTRwOlBQHmWGi9xKCOKVr0WUDBAAJA7X0DAAAAAAABAAFAgEuAAAFBQEDAgAACgx7AAAAAAAAAAU=",{"encoding":"base64","preflightCommitment":"confirmed"}],"id":"a3c4f431-0f2a-4632-91ae-d3cafaaceb63"}
'
{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "result": "3FLzsDWEyERGWyeQvX5CQgSuYAycErPyvvvEFHw9hn1hubySvVoix8C6LTjAveTP3e8LDCrWLZPpub4kyJsFAfJL", "id": "a3c4f431-0f2a-4632-91ae-d3cafaaceb63"}

这个 Tx 的功能是从地址 BywtbATeVZvzjeiK9fuNtRwkKFzTxyL5nJVPNktRY3cn 转移 0.00123 BERN（属于 Token 2022 代币）到地址 J1nW8Vu6jPxYQMqZuHDGUPNaU3sNZvonXTTtDftFZxrM 中：

BywtbATeVZvzjeiK9fuNtRwkKFzTxyL5nJVPNktRY3cn     ------ 0.00123 BERN ------>     J1nW8Vu6jPxYQMqZuHDGUPNaU3sNZvonXTTtDftFZxrM
                 ^                                                                     ^
                 |                                                                     |
                 | owner                                                               | owner
                 |                                                                     |
                 |                                                                     |
2PRbFDUUw8QXLHr4m5io6A3aU7bAGbsFiUTjuYTbDgyb (associated token account)        CpLFa6WpP9nmmqYUtewthV4o3Lo8YWWoq6kdEqPvZep1 (associated token account)

为了便于分析，我们把 base64 编码的 Tx 转换为 Hex String 形式：

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

可把上面 Tx 的每个字节含义解释如下：

signatures	signatures length				01
signatures	signature 0				7067869278639189e6ecc42647f8b96688be979d2f7730c8038613f0def194a3 d5a7393c50f1756d579c148639878bef81668a749514872eab3000d962e91a0d
message	message header	num required signatures			01
		num readonly signed accounts			00
		num readonly unsigned accounts			03
	account addresses	length			06
		address 0			a32b7552671b22997c330c53ac91ea68d04729d0cbdd71e48934416e52ec78db	sender: BywtbATeVZvzjeiK9fuNtRwkKFzTxyL5nJVPNktRY3cn
		address 1			149a44eb630b0f5d30bb0338c1bd9b5a6091493cdaed24b07aed3a1047371b4e	sender token acnt: 2PRbFDUUw8QXLHr4m5io6A3aU7bAGbsFiUTjuYTbDgyb
		address 2			af909f239dfd061b81b8ee82b0c778bb1ef7396c9a2e4ed9cedda53f006e106a	recipient token acnt: CpLFa6WpP9nmmqYUtewthV4o3Lo8YWWoq6kdEqPvZep1
		address 3			a838a364b85c2ae54b54198be957bd4bd0ef494ee49f55ed9029ceb670d71a30	Token 2022 mint addr: CKfatsPMUf8SkiURsDXs7eK6GWb4Jsd6UDbs7twMCWxo
		address 4			0306466fe5211732ffecadba72c39be7bc8ce5bbc5f7126b2c439b3a40000000	ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111
		address 5			06ddf6e1ee758fde18425dbce46ccddab61afc4d83b90d27febdf928d8a18bfc	Token 2022 addr: TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb
	recent blockhash				9d730435525d19ac484d000aac0c204d1c0e9414079961a2f7128238a56bd165
	instructions	length			03
		ins 0	program id index		04	这是设置手续费相关的
			account address indexes	length	00
			instruction data	length	09
			instruction data	data	03b5f40c0000000000
		ins 1	program id index		04	这是设置手续费相关的
			account address indexes	length	00
			instruction data	length	05
			instruction data	data	02012e0000
		ins 2	program id index		05	这个索引对应的地址是 TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb
			account address indexes	length	05	入口函数 process 的 accounts 参数
				index 0	01	source_account_info
				index 1	03	expected_mint_info
				index 2	02	destination_account_info
				index 3	00	authority_info
				index 4	00
			instruction data	length	0a	入口函数 process 的 input 参数
			instruction data	data	0c7b0000000000000005	0c(transferChecked), 7b00000000000000(amount), 05(decimals)

最后一行数据 0c7b0000000000000005 可以进一步分解如下（参考 PodTokenInstruction::TransferChecked ）：

0c               // instruction type, transferChecked
7b00000000000000 // instruction data, 转帐数量 123 的小端格式
05               // instruction data, decimals。指定精度 5，它必须和所转帐 Token（这里是 BERN）的精度一致，否则报错

注 1：明明 Tx 中是转帐 0.00123 BERN，为什么在区块浏览器中查看帐户的 Token Balance Change 时，会显示目标地址只收到了 0.00117 BERN 呢？这是因为 Solana 2022 支持 Hook，代币 BERN 实现了 Hook，会在每次转帐时销毁一部分代币。
注 2：帐户的 Associated Token Account 合约是什么时候部署呢？Account1 给 Account2 转帐 TokenA 时，如果 Account2 对应的 TokenA 的 Associated Token Account 还没有部署（这往往是 Account2 从未收到过 TokenA 时），那么 Account1 会帮 Account2 部署这个合约。比如交易 25NhZZgELi5hi9xCvv6d1utXR7QQQKkc7b3bwDsa28wMtYLhSuxNy7Hw4VNwoxBiv9RveYDKT78xv1E3P3vd56uJ 就是转帐 Token 时还帮别人部署 Associated Token Account 的例子。

5. 参考

Solana Transactions: https://solana.com/docs/core/transactions
bincode Serialization specification: https://github.com/bincode-org/bincode/blob/trunk/docs/spec.md
The Solana host and client SDK: https://docs.rs/solana-sdk/latest/solana_sdk/index.html

Solana Raw Tx Breakdown

Table of Contents

1. Solana 交易

2. Tx 解析实例 1（一对一转账）

2.1. 签名

3. Tx 解析实例 2（两笔一对一转账）

3.1. 签名

3.2. Rust 实例

4. Tx 解析实例 3（Token 2022 转账）

5. 参考